Abramowicz, Manuel: Extreme-droite et antisemitisme en Belgique de 1945 a nos jours. Bruxelles: EVO (Edition Vie Ouvriere), 1993. 159 pp.

Surveying Belgian extreme-right parties and groups, focuses on their antisemitic activities, anti-Jewish press, Holocaust denial, and virulent anti-Zionist slogans. Emphasizes antisemitic aspects of the Belgian Front National and the Vlaams Blok, and the antisemitic attitudes of Jean Thiriart, leader of the Belgian branch of the new rightist Young Europe movement. Mentions, also, Belgian Skinheads, and the Neopagan intellectual circles. LV

"L'Affaire Roques." Le Monde Juif  122 (Apr-June 1986) 49-79.

Consists of short articles and documents related to the doctoral thesis presented by Henri Roques at Nantes University on the Gerstein report. The thesis denies the existence of the Holocaust. Includes a response by Henri Roques to Georges Wellers' article in "Le Monde Juif" 121 (Jan-Mar 1986) and a reply by Georges Wellers; documents from a trial in 1981 on the subject of Holocaust denial involving Leon Poliakov, Pierre Guillaume, and Robert Faurisson, including declarations by witnesses in which the Gerstein report figured; and declarations by officials from Nantes University and others. HV

American Nazi Convicted in Germany: Special Report. Justice 15 (Dec 1997) 27-30.

On 27 August 1996, an American citizen, L. (b. 1953 in Milwaukee), was found guilty of incitement of the people, incitement to racial hatred, distribution of propaganda, and use of emblems of an unconstitutional organization. He was sentenced to a prison term of four years by the Regional Court of Hamburg. Presents a partial translation and summary of the opinion of the German court. Because of German law the name of the convicted person cannot be published. For 20 years, L. ran "an enormous" propaganda machine which promoted antisemitism and Holocaust denial. He visited Germany for the first time in 1972, and thereafter provided the neo-Nazi movement in Germany with German-language propaganda material. He also published neo-Nazi material in English, French, Spanish, and Swedish, and distributed it in Europe. REK

Antisemitism World Report 1996. London: Institute for Jewish Policy Research; New York: American Jewish Committee, 1996. xxiv, 344 pp.

Documents antisemitism throughout the world following the same patterns and topics as in the previous World Reports. The introduction (pp. xvii-xxiv) surveys the main features of antisemitism in 1995. This volume charts developments in 61 countries, identifies and compares global trends, and draws comparisons with previous years. Trends noted include racism in cyberspace, the electoral performance of the European far right, antisemitic manifestations (down since last year), laws against race hatred and Holocaust denial, and exclusivist local nationalism. SSC

Aronsfeld, Caesar C.: Holocaust "Revisionists" Are Busy in Britain. Midstream 39, 1 (Jan 1993) 28-30.

Surveys the activities of revisionist historian David Irving. Criticizes the "Sunday Times" for employing Irving as an expert on Goebbels' diaries. Leaders of British Jewry have warned the Home Secretary that there are plans to make Britain an international center for revisionist activity. Calls for enforcement of the race-hate laws and enactment of a law against group defamation. SSC

Ayass, Wolfgang; Krause-Vilmar, Dietfrid: Mit Argumenten gegen die Holocaust-Leugnung: Die Leugnung der nationalsozialistischen Massenmorde als Herausforderung fuer Wissenschaft und politische Bildung. Wiesbaden: Hessische Landeszentrale fuer Politische Bildung, 1996. 30 pp.

Traces the history of Holocaust denial and analyzes its specific arguments and its tactics. Surveys the documentary and research evidence which refutes the revisionists' allegations, warning, however, against exaggerated or unfounded statements, which play into their hands. Asserts that Holocaust denial, with its pretensions to scientific proof, influences credulous young people, and should not be ignored as in the past, but refuted on the basis of the facts. RW

Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte; Benz, Wolfgang; Neugebauer, Wolfgang, eds.: Die Auschwitzleugner: "Revisionistische" Geschichtsluege und historische Wahrheit. Berlin: Elefanten Press, 1996. 396 pp.  Based, with additions and omissions, on the collection "Wahrheit und Auschwitzluege" (Wien: Deuticke, 1995).

Partial contents: Wiesenthal, Simon: Vorwort (11-18); Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte: "Revisionismus" , pseudowissenschaftliche Propaganda des Rechtsextremismus (19-37); Benz, Wolfgang: "Revisionismus" in Deutschland (38-51); Wetzel, Juliane: Die Leugnung des Genozids im internationalen Vergleich (52-72); Spann, Gustav: Methoden rechtsextremer Tendenzgeschichtsschreibung und Propaganda (73-97); Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte: Die Verbrechen von Auschwitz [Includes laboratory reports showing the presence of Zyklon B in victims' hair and on gratings from the mortuaries of the crematoria.] (98-116); Id.: Leuchter und seine Epigonen (117-129); Bailer, Josef: Die "Revisionisten" und die Chemie (130-152); Distel, Barbara: Leugnung und Diffamierung: Das Krematorium des Konzentrationslagers Dachau als Beispielfuer rechtsradikale Geschichtsverfaelschung [The presence in Dachau of a crematorium and gas chamber was alleged to be a fabrication of the Allies, and the fact that they were never used for mass extermination was used to deny mass extermination by gas in other camps as well.] (153-163); Neugebauer, Wolfgang: "Revisionistische" Manipulation der Zahl der Holocaustopfer (164-169); Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte: Das Tagebuch der Anne Frank [On proof of its authenticity.] (170-174); Neugebauer, Wolfgang: Gab es einen schriftlichen Hitlerbefehl zur Judenvernichtung? (175-181); Ueberschaer, Gerd R.: Das "Unternehmen Barbarossa" gegen die Sowjetunion , ein Praeventivkrieg? Zur Wiederbelebung der alten Rechtfertigungsversuche des deutschen Ueberfalls auf die UdSSR 1941 [Argues that the invasion was motivated by Hitler's racial ideology.] (182-205); Virchow, Fabian: "Revisionismus" und Antisemitismus am Beispiel der Frey-Presse [Especially the "Deutsche National-Zeitung."] (206-224); Dietzsch, Martin; Maegerle, Anton: Antisemitismus per Mausklick [On revisionist and antisemitic sites on the Internet.] (225-236); Wippermann, Wolfgang: "Revisionismus light": Die Modernisierung und "vergleichende Verharmlosung" des "Dritten Reiches" [Also by serious historians.] (237-251); Weusthoff, Anja: Endlich geregelt? Zur Ahndung der Holocaust-Leugnung durch die deutsche Justiz (252-272); Schmitz, Adelheid: Wenn Auschwitz geleugnet wird: Ueberlegungen fuer den schulischen Unterricht (297-317); Lasek, Wilhelm: "Revisionistische" Autoren und ihre Publikationen [A bio-bibliography.] (320-380). RW

Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte; Benz, Wolfgang; Neugebauer, Wolfgang, eds.: Wahrheit und "Auschwitzluege": Zur Bekaempfung "revisionistischer" Propaganda. Wien: Deuticke, 1995. 304 pp.  An expanded version of "Amoklauf gegen die Wirklichkeit: NS-Verbrechen und `revisionistische' Geschichtsschreibung, eds. Elisabeth Morawek, Sigrid Steininger (1992). A later revised version appeared as "Die Auschwitzleugner" (1996).

Contents: Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte: "Revisionismus" , pseudowissenschaftliche Propaganda des Rechtsextremismus (16-32); Benz, Wolfgang: "Revisionismus" in Deutschland (33-45); Spann, Gustav: Methoden rechtsextremer Tendenzgeschichtsschreibung und Propaganda (46-67); Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte: Die Verbrechen von Auschwitz [Includes laboratory reports showing the presence of Zyklon B in victims' hair and on gratings from the mortuaries of the crematoria.] (68-86); Id.: Leuchter und seine Epigonen (87-98); Bailer, Josef: Die "Revisionisten" und die Chemie (99-118); Freund, Florian: Toetungen durch Giftgas in Mauthausen und Gusen (119-136); Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte: Das sogenannte Lachout-"Dokument" (137-146); Neugebauer, Wolfgang: "Revisionistische" Manipulation der Zahl der Holocaustopfer (147-151); Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte: Das Tagebuch der Anne Frank [On proof of its authenticity.] (152-156); Neuge, Wolfgang: Gab es einen schriftlichen Hitlerbefehl zur Judenvernichtung? (157-162); Ueberschaer, Gerd R.: Das "Unternehmen Barbarossa" gegen die Sowjetunion , ein Praeventivkrieg? Zur Wiederbelebung der alten Rechtfertigungsversuche des deutschen Ueberfalls auf die UdSSR 1941 [Argues that the invasion was motivated by Hitler's racial ideology.] (163-182); Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte: Die sogenannte "Wiedergutmachung" [On resentment aroused in Austria by Jewish demands for restitution.] (183-192); Lasek, Wilhelm: "Revisionistische" Propaganda in Oesterreich (193-206); Maegerle, Anton; Dietzsch, Martin: Das "Thule-Netzwerk": Rechtsextremistischer Mailboxen-Verbund , Verfassungsfeindliches per Modem (207-217); Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte: Die oesterreichische Rechtslage und der "Revisionismus" [Includes the text of relevant laws and treaty provisions.] (218-236); Weusthoff, Anja: Endlich geregelt? Zur Ahndung der Holocaust-Leugnung durch die deutsche Justiz [Includes the text of relevant legislation.] (237-251); Lasek, Wilhelm: "Revisionistische" Autoren und ihre Publikationen [A bio-bibliography.] (252-292). RW

Barkun, Michael: Millenarian Aspects of "White Supremacist" Movements. Terrorism and Political Violence 1, 4 (Oct 1989) 409-434.

An earlier version was presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington DC, September 1988. Examines the aggressive character and the religious foundations of radical right "white supremacist" groups in present-day America. Discusses their "Identity" theology, which includes the millenarian belief that the Second Coming of Christ is at hand; belief in white racial superiority; belief in a world Jewish conspiracy; and adoption of the model of Nazism and Holocaust denial. Suggests that the catalyst for the strong element of antisemitism in these groups may have been the recently intensified climate of millenarian expectation associated with the rise of fundamentalism. EB

Bastian, Till: Auschwitz e la "menzogna su Auschwitz": Sterminio di massa e falsificazione della storia. Trans.: Enzo Grillo. Postface: Giorgio Nebbia. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1995. 126 pp.  Originally published as "Auschwitz und die `Auschwitz-Luege': Massenmord und Geschichtsfaelschung" (Muenchen: C.H. Beck, 1994).  The Italian edition contains a postface by G. Nebbia, "L'ingegneria dello sterminio" (pp. 103-126).

Bastian, Till: Auschwitz und die "Auschwitz-Luege": Massenmord und Geschichtsfaelschung. Muenchen: C.H. Beck, 1994. 103 pp.

Sketches the history of the Final Solution and of the concentration camps from the Nazi accession to power through the Second World War. Describes in detail the construction and layout of Auschwitz, the transports and selections, the gassings, the medical experiments, and the SS personnel. Surveys the sources for knowledge of the Holocaust, including Nazi archives, the testimonies of perpetrators, and memoirs of survivors. Discusses the literature of Holocaust denial, particularly the Leuchter report, and refutes arguments which deny the existence of the gas chambers. RW

Bauer, Yehuda: Contemporary Antisemitism: Basic Facts and Trends. Encyclopaedia Judaica Year Book 1983-1985 (1985) 119-127.

An overview of antisemitism in the post-Holocaust period. Discusses the growth of neo-Nazism in Europe and the USA, Holocaust denial, Soviet antisemitism, anti-Zionism, and the fight against antisemitism by both Jewish and Christian groups. SSC

Bauer, Yehuda: Modern Antisemitism. Nes Ammim Lezingen: Gesprekken in Israel 11, 3 (1985) 4-21.

Analyzes antisemitism in the USSR, in the Arab world and in the West, including anti-Zionism and Holocaust denial. Discusses the roots of antisemitism. States that all forms of antisemitism are based on Christian models, although some antisemites are also anti-Christian.

Bell, Andrew: Against Racism and Fascism in Europe. Brussels: Socialist Group of the European Parliament, 1986. 48 pp.

Surveys fascism in Western Europe today in view of the formation of a group of extreme-right parties in the European Parliament. Stresses the link between fascism and racism and warns against small extremist parties which capitalize on economic crises. Lists extreme-right groups such as the French Front National, Italian MSI, and GRECE, emphasizing their rejection of democracy, hostility to immigrant workers, antisemitism, and their role in pushing moderate conservatives to the right. Discusses the growing internationalism of neo-Nazi groups and their propaganda activities, including Holocaust denial and the Jewish conspiracy accusation. Because of their electoral failures (France excepted), some have turned to terrorist tactics. Pp. 44-47 contain a list of right-wing organizations in Europe. AA

Benz, Wolfgang, ed.: Antisemitismus in Deutschland: Zur Aktualitaet eines Vorurteils. Muenchen: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1995. 235 pp.

Includes an article on Holocaust denial: Benz, Wolfgang: Realitaetsverweigerung als antisemitisches Prinzip: Die Leugnung des Voelkermords (121-139)

Berghe, Gie van den: De Holocaust-ontkenning [Holocaust Denial]. De Gids 152, 11 (Nov 1989) 857-866.

Demonstrates the unscientific and immoral character of revisionist theories on the Holocaust. Claims that those who deny the Holocaust are not revisionists but negationists, as they do not reinterpret the Holocaust but actually negate the facts. Gives examples from the journal of French negationists, "Annales d'Histoire Revisionniste," of vague arguments, falsifications, insinuations, selective interpretation and manipulation of source material, and rejections of eyewitness reports by Jews "because Jews are unreliable." Argues that acknowledgment of the Holocaust as resulting from antisemitism and xenophobia will hinder the rise of extreme right-wing parties. Emphasizes the existence of abundant source material with overwhelming evidence of the Nazi crimes. SRH

Berghe, Gie van den: La negation de l'extermination des Juifs dans son contexte historique. Cahiers Rationalistes 495 (May 1995) 15-25.  Translated from the Dutch. First published in the Belgian journal "L'Artichaut."

Deals with historical revisionism and negation of the Holocaust. Differentiates between these two approaches and their historical context, such as the growth of the extreme right and xenophobia, or the accusation of genocide as an argument regarding Israeli policy in the Middle East. Discusses, as well, the functionalist approach in Holocaust research, and argues that this approach does not sufficiently describe the evolution of events and that it facilitates the "arguments" of negationists. Notes the existence for many years of some unverified hypotheses, such as the number of victims in some of the extermination camps, or the myth, only recently rejected, of Nazi production of soap from human corpses. HV

Berghe, Gie van den: De uitbuiting van de Holocaust [The Exploitation of the Holocaust]. Antwerpen: Houtekiet, 1990. 196 pp.

Surveys individuals and groups of intellectuals , the negationists , who relativize, minimize, or deny the truth of the extermination camps, the gas chambers, and the Holocaust. Sketches the development from revisionism to negationism. Discerns two types of negationists: the pamphletic group which has superficial knowledge and dissociates from science, often with extreme right-wing sympathies, and the pseudo-scientific group. Discusses the methods of negationists: demagogy, propaganda, provocation, totalitarianism, decontextualization, and manipulation of sources. Relates to accusations against the authenticity of Anne Frank's diary. Sketches opinions of French left-wing negationists and the techniques of Robert Faurisson. Outlines American and European theories on the uniqueness of the Holocaust. Relates to the enormous interest in the Holocaust in the U.S. and the Jewish reaction opposing politicization and sacralization of the Holocaust. Concludes that historians have a responsibility to refute negationists' theories. SRH

Boehme, Joern: Die Luege von der "Auschwitz-Luege" und kein Ende. Zeichen13, 2 (June 1985) 10-12.  Unseen.

Bonifas, Aime: The French and the Myth of Holocaust. Remembering for the Future.Vol. II. Oxford: Pergamon, 1989. Pp. 2187-2198.

Describes the development of Holocaust denial in postwar France. Paul Rassinier was preoccupied with the theme of an international Jewish conspiracy and from 1950 (until his death in 1967) he published books contending that the horrors of the camps were highly exaggerated and that the excesses which did occur were mainly the work of kapos and communists. Describes the "Faurisson Affair," marked by arguments and responses in the press between 1979-82 in which Robert Faurisson denied the existence of the gas chambers (and, by implication, the Holocaust). A series of lawsuits were brought against him on behalf of the victims of Nazism. He was always convicted, but in April 1983 the Court of Appeal in Paris suspended the proceedings, contending that the courts are not qualified to pass judgment on the worth of historical works. Discusses, also, the revisionism of the extreme-left publishing house La Vieille Taupe, the Henri Roques affair, the revival of revisionist propaganda during the Barbie trial, and other manifestations of an international movement to restore Nazism. Examines the principal points raised by revisionists and their contradiction in the available sources. SSC

Braham, Randolph L.: Antisemitism and the Holocaust in the Politics of East Central Europe. Holocaust and Genocide Studies 8, 2 (Fall 1994) 143-163.

Discusses the uses and abuses of antisemitism and the Holocaust in the region during the communist and post-communist eras. In the communist period, antisemitism was manifested in the guise of anti-Zionism; the Holocaust was either distorted or neglected completely. However, even in this period, Holocaust denial appeared in the Soviet block and attempts were made to whitewash the role of the indigenous regimes in the genocide. In the post-communist era, antisemitism and Holocaust distortion became a tool of nationalist and right-wing forces. Holocaust revisionists in East Central Europe not only minimize the Holocaust and lay the responsibility for it on Germans and other "foreigners," but also try to blame the Jews themselves, and declare the actions of local collaborators to have been "defensive measures." Antisemites blame the Jews for the evils of communism. The political leadership in these countries has failed to repulse the antisemitic rhetoric of the nationalists. DR

Braham, Randolph L.: Antiszemitizmus , es holocaust , felfogasok a posztkommunista tarsadalmakban [Approaches to Antisemitism and the Holocaust in Post-Communist Societies]. Mult es Jovo 4 (Oct 1992) 95-103.

A paper presented at an international conference held at the Ecole Normale Superieur, Paris, June 1992. Discusses contemporary post-communist societies, mainly in Russia, Romania, and Hungary, and their shift to the right. Examines the recent tendencies of revisionists to misrepresent the Holocaust. States that the denial of the Holocaust may become an obstacle in the development of parliamentary democracy in Eastern Europe. Revisionists accuse Zionists of collaboration with the Nazis, and minimalize the losses of Jews in the Holocaust. MA

Braham, Randolph L.: Historical Revisionism and the New Right. Remembering for the Future. Vol. II. Oxford: Pergamon, 1989. Pp. 2093-2103.

The many neo-Nazi New Right parties, groups, and movements which have arisen in the past few decades have entered into an alliance with pseudo-intellectuals calling themselves "historical revisionists." Although their ultimate objectives vary, they are all engaged in a pernicious campaign to denigrate, distort, or deny the Holocaust and to delegitimize the State of Israel. Sketches their activities in the U.S., Canada, and Western Europe. SSC

Broszat, Martin: Nach Hitler: Der schwierige Umgang mit unserer Geschichte. Eds.: Hermann Graml, Klaus-Dietmar Henke. Muenchen: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1986. 326 pp.

A collection of 29 articles and lectures, either published or delivered between 1957-86, mainly dealing with the historiography of the Third Reich. Relates also to East German historiography, to recent Holocaust denial literature, and to several TV series on the Holocaust. SSC

Capitanchik, David; Whine, Michael: The Governance of Cyberspace: Racism on the Internet. Institute for Jewish Policy Research: Policy Paper 2 (July 1996) 16 pp.

Discusses current debates about free speech on the Internet and the issues raised by its exploitation by antisemitic and racist groups. Regarding the far right and the Internet, states that Holocaust denial is the link which binds many far right organizations. Arguments in favor of unrestricted speech on the Internet have to be weighed against the evidence of its abuse, albeit by a small minority. There are signs of continuing and increasing racism, xenophobia, intolerance, and bigotry across the world. If it is impossible to restrict what goes on the Internet, there is a strong case for restrictions on what comes off it. New software initiatives are designed to permit censorship at grass-roots level. Another development is that the Internet itself is increasingly being used to assert historical truths to counter racist lies. Presents policy proposals to be adopted by institutions to determine what materials can legitimately be accessed on their computers. SSC

Caplan, Marc: Hitler's Apologists: The Anti-Semitic Propaganda of Holocaust "Revisionism." New York: Anti-Defamation League, 1993. 86 pp.

Examines the views of Holocaust deniers in the USA, Canada, France, and other countries , e.g. David Irving, Fred Leuchter, Bradley Smith, David McCalden, Ernst Zundel, Robert Faurisson. Dwells on some revisionist institutions, such as the Institute for Historical Review and the German-American National Political Action Committee. Antisemitism and anti-Zionism occupy a prominent place in the revisionists' views. Many deniers identify with neo-Nazism. Examines also the views of some "trivializers," such as Ernst Nolte, Arno Mayer, and James Bacque, who try to reinterpret the Nazis' motives for the genocide of the Jews or to equate it with the Stalinist purges or with Israeli reactions to the Intifada. In recent years Holocaust denial has arisen in post-communist Eastern Europe and in the Muslim world. DR

Carb, Alison B.; Schwartz, Alan M.: Holocaust "Revisionism" , a Denial of History: An Update. ADL Facts 31, 1 (Win 1986) 17 pp.

Holocaust denial is an important weapon of antisemitic extremist groups in their efforts to delegitimize Israel, rehabilitate Nazism, and prove that Zionists manipulate the media and other institutions. Surveys the background, personnel, and activities of the Institute for Historical Review (Torrance, CA), a major center of Holocaust denial. In 1985-86 the Holocaust denial movement suffered legal defeats and financial losses. The Zundel and Keegstra trials in Canada ended in convictions, but also allowed them free publicity in the uncritical Canadian press. Mentions other activities of the movement in 1985, including links with Saudi Arabia, the USSR, and Black extremist antisemitic groups. LF

Cass, Mike: The West German Law Makers. Canadian Jewish Outlook 23, 6 (June 1985) 4, 12.

Criticizes the West German Bundestag for its delays in passing a law against Holocaust denial. The law eventually passed describes Holocaust denial as an insult to survivors rather than as a criminal offence. Thus, the state cannot prosecute offenders; only the Jews can.

Chombart de Lauwe, Marie-Jose: Vigilance: Vieilles traditions extremistes et droites nouvelles. Paris: Ligue des Droits de l'Homme, Etudes et Documentation Internationales, 1986. 170 pp.

Surveys postwar extreme-right groups in France, such as Nouvelle Ecole, a breakaway group from GRECE, Le Club de l'Horloge, a right-wing think-tank, and, above all, the Front National of Jean-Marie Le Pen. The historical models of the extreme-right are Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, and other dictatorial regimes, and they have links with other extremist organizations in Europe. Points to the banalization of fascism and to historical revisionism, including Holocaust deni, as major causes for the strengthening of the extreme-right with its xenophobic, raci, and often antisemitic tendencies. AA

Clarke, Tamsin: Denying the Holocaust. Australian Journal of Jewish Studies 8, 2 (1994) 103-142.

Examines the nature and purposes of Holocaust denial, its technique and potential effects. These purposes and effects have been misunderstood by the public, even by judicial circles. Holocaust denial is not an academic school, but a type of "hate propaganda," aiming to harm the victims, undermine the legitimacy of Israel, and justify racism. The methods used by the revisionists are far from scholarly: they include not only manipulations of facts, but even their fabrication. States that Holocaust denial must be prosecuted by the courts in the countries where hate propaganda is considered a criminal act. Criticizes, also, use of the term "Holocaust": it has theological implications, and emphasizes the inexplicability and uniqueness of this kind of genocide; it prompts politicians to abuse the term for political purposes. DR

Collotti, Enzo: Leggendo il revisionismo in Primo Levi. Belfagor 44, 1 (Jan 1989) 98-102.

Traces two forms of revisionism in Holocaust historiography , denial that the genocide took place and German historians' trend towards historicization and relativization of the Holocaust (the "historians' debate") , and examines Primo Levi's views on both phenomena. Levi's last articles and essays referred explicitly to revisionist distortions. He emphasized the uniqueness of the Nazi concentration camp and Nazi extermination policy, as expressions of the Nazi plan to annihilate entire peoples and cultures. Levi saw the German people as guilty for their silence and passivity in the face of Nazi crimes. LV

Comte, Bernard: Le genocide nazi et les negationnistes. Historiens & Geographes 84 [339] (1993) 141-150.  Unseen. Deals with Holocaust denial in France.

Constantinescu, Ioan: Despre exegeza extremei drepte romanesti: Insemnari polemice [On the Exegesis of the Romanian Extreme Right: Polemical Notes]. Iasi: Junimea, 1998. 176 pp.

A polemical analysis of some recent revisionist and apologetic studies on the Romanian fascist Iron Guard, written by historians and publicists (e. g. Gheorge Buzatu, Radu Theodoru). Extremist leaders and politicians of the interwar period (A.C. Cuza, C. Codreanu) are exonerated of any fascist and antisemitic tendencies. Describes the efforts of the new pro-Iron Guard supporters to present the national poet Mihai Eminescu as a forerunner of the Romanian fascist movement. Mentions frequent cases of Holocaust denial in the Romanian extremist press, supported by some pro-Iron Guard historians. LV

Cotler, Irwin: Nazi War Crimes: An International Legal Responsibility. Patterns of Prejudice 20, 4 (Oct 1986) 31-41.

The author represented the Canadian Jewish Congress before the Deschenes Commission appointed to investigate the entry of suspected Nazi war criminals to Canada. Argues for the continued prosecution of war criminals in Canada, the USA, and Great Britain for four main reasons: fidelity to the rule of law, so that no murderer should go unpunished; fidelity to citizenship which should not be acquired under false pretenses; fidelity to international obligations and to U.N. resolutions; and fidelity to Holocaust remembrance as a challenge to the Holocaust denial movement. The Commission also exposed government indifference to the existence of Nazi war criminals in Canada and a deliberate policy of preventing their prosecution. LF

Dalrymple, James: Holocaust Lies of the New Nazis. British Journal of Holocaust Education 1, 2 (Win 1992) 202-212.  Appeared in the "Sunday Times News Review" (26 July 1992).

Surveys the upsurge of Holocaust denial in Europe and America as a vital element of neo-fascism, giving examples from various countries. Asserts that the most effective refutation is the reality of Auschwitz-Birkenau, and describes his own visit to the site in July 1992. RW

Davies, Alan Trewartha: A Tale of Two Trials: Antisemitism in Canada 1985. Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, 1 (1989) 77-88.

In 1985 two antisemites were brought to trial in Canada: James Keegstra, an Alberta high school teacher, and Ernst Zundel from Toronto. Compares the similarities and differences in their views. Keegstra is a Protestant fundamentalist and an antisemitic conservative, influenced by Nesta Webster's writings and the antisemitic literature of the 19th century. He believes in the Jewish world conspiracy and the subversiveness of the Talmud, and denies the Holocaust. Zundel, originally from Germany, is first and foremost a Holocaust denier, who produced and disseminated his own revisionist writings. He is a racist and a worshipper of Nazi Germany, aiming to restore "Germany's honor." Both Keegstra and Zundel are examples of an extreme form of willful self-deception; they represent small groups in the Canadian population predisposed to antisemitism. DR

Douglas, Lawrence: The Memory of Judgement: The Law, the Holocaust, and Denial. History & Memory 7, 2 (Fall-Win 1996) 100-120.

Examines problems in the use of law to safeguard the history of the Holocaust, to preserve its memory, and to silence the voice of Holocaust denial. Applications of the law against Holocaust denial or trivialization (e.g. the Zundel case in Canada, and cases in Germany and France), as well as war crimes trials, show that a court trial cannot ascertain historical truth , it is not a "truth-seeking device" in relation to historical facts , because it approaches the past from a position of formal agnosticism, and its use of historical testimony is limited. Holocaust deniers can appeal to the principle of freedom of speech and use the same methods and rhetoric as their prosecutors, which may lead not only to their acquittal, but also to distortions of history, as the Zundel case showed. DR

Dworkin, Ronald: The Unbearable Cost of Liberty. Index on Censorship 24, 3 (May-June 1995) 43-46.

Discusses the issue of Holocaust denial vs. free speech. Refers to the case of Guenter Deckert, leader of the ultra-right-wing National Democratic Party in Germany, who organized a meeting in 1991 where Fred Leuchter presented research purporting to show that the gassing of Jews in Auschwitz never took place. Deckert was tried and convicted under a statute prohibiting incitement to racial hatred. In March 1994, the Federal Court of Justice overturned the conviction on the ground that denying the Holocaust does not constitute incitement, and ordered a retrial to determine whether the defendant sympathized with Nazi beliefs. Deckert was convicted, but got a suspended jail sentence and a light fine. Following public protest, the German constitutional court then declared that denial of the Holocaust is not protected by free speech. Opposes this exception to the German Constitution's guarantee of free speech. Allows that savage antisemitic crimes are committed in Germany, as well as crimes against immigrants, but the new ruling will not prevent such attacks from occurring, and meantime it condones censorship. SSC

Eilati, Naftali: Historical Revisionism and Denial of the Holocaust. Shana be-Shana (5754 = 1993) 408-418. (In Hebrew)

Discusses Holocaust revisionism and Holocaust denial in general, and in particular the works of Pierre Vidal-Naquet, especially "Les assassins de la memoire" (Paris: La Decouverte, 1987). LFo

Einhorn, Maurice: "Vlan" sur la verite. Regards 153 (9-23 Jan 1986) 20-21.

Between February-December 1985, "Vlan," a Belgian magazine, published an exchange of readers' letters which turned into a campaign of Holocaust denial. The editor of the magazine refused to halt the campaign, arguing that to do so would be censorship, and that the correspondence was presented as an attempt to discover the historical truth about the Holocaust. LF

Elliott, Mark; McClintock, Michael: Holocaust "Revisionists" and the California Library Association. Midstream 32, 4 (Apr 1986) 36-38.

In December 1984, David McCalden, publisher of the Noontide Press which distributes Nazi Ku Klux Klan propaganda, who has headed the Institute for Historical Review, was invited to participate in the California Library Association's annual conference in a programon "Free Speech and the Holocaust." Several non-Jewish members of the organization objected and his participation was cancelled. He threatened the CLA with a lawsuit, claiming that his right to free speech was being denied, even though the CLA is a private organization. Although most local Jewish, Christian, and ethnic organizations protested McCalden's appearance, library journals focused on the issue of free speech and the pressure on the CLA, obscuring McCalden's virulent antisemitism. LF

Erb, Rainer: Antisemitismus und Antizionismus. Tribuene 146 (1998) 169-179.

Deals with prejudices and cliches concerning Jews which have become prevalent in Germany in the 1990s, and are consolidating into a growing antisemitic ideology. While an individual antisemite generally keeps his views to himself, parties or organizations must publicize their convictions. Thus, with the foundation of every new right-wing party, perceptible antisemitism increases. Enumerates various polemics against Jews and the State of Israel, verbal attacks against Jews, historical lies, etc. Mentions that among 2,500 acts of violence committed by Skinheads in 1992, there were nine arsons at Jewish institutions, seven bodily injuries to Jews, 33 cases of vandalism, 57 threats of violence, 104 cemetery desecrations, and 256 propaganda offenses. Reports on a serious increase in antisemitic propaganda material since 1990, propagating Holocaust denial and the myth of a world Jewish conspiracy. States that in former West Germany there are twice as many right-wing voters as in former East Germany. ID

Fischel, Jack R.: The New Anti-Semitic Axis: Holocaust Denial, Black Nationalism, and the Crisis on Our College Campuses. Virginia Quarterly Review 71, 2 (Spr 1995) 210-226.

Antisemitism was always maintained by a human propensity for myths, especially myths of conspiracy, and by the willingness to accept facile answers to difficult questions. Antisemites in the U.S., both Black nationalists and Holocaust deniers, appeal to the same human traits, and have themselves produced a host of myths. College campuses throughout the U.S. are especially receptive to their propaganda. Strategies used by modern antisemites to conquer this constituency, besides production of emotional myths, are the deconstructionist critique of historical texts (including eyewitness accounts) and the abuse of multicultural programs. Their success demonstrates a slow erosion of "faith" in the rules of evidence and logic on many campuses. College and university administrations must guard the campuses against bigoted spokesmen; historians must become more vocal in combating the deniers and myth-producers who damage the profession of historian. DR

Francq, Henry G.: Hitler's Holocaust: A Fact of History. Vancouver, B.C.: New Star Books, 1986. 255 pp.

An account of the Holocaust, intended as an answer to Holocaust denial propaganda, especially that of Ernst Zundel who was tried in Canada in 1985. The foreword and introduction (pp. 17-40) discuss the sources of Zundel's claims and analyze his arguments, falsified statistics, and distortions of witnesses' accounts. Pp. 41-51, "Prelude to Genocide," discuss Nazi antisemitic policy up to 1939. The rest of the book describes the implementation of the Final Solution policy, based on historians' and survivors' accounts and evidence from war crimes trials. LF

Francq, Henry G.: A Study of Guilt: The Eichmann Story. London, Ont.: Third Eye, 1991. xiv, 286 pp.

Based on Eichmann's interrogations and the protocols of his trial, relates Eichmann's activities in connection with the implementation of the destruction of European Jewry. Arguing against Paul Rassinier and other revisionist historians, shows that Eichmann was in no way "a small cog" in the SS machinery, responsible only for the transportation of the victims. Eichmann had full knowledge of their destination and took part in the responsibility for the killing process, including gassing in Auschwitz, mass shootings, and the death marches in 1945. Pp. 191-222 examine the arguments in Rassinier's books and disprove them. DR

Fresco, Nadine: Parcours du ressentiment: Pseudo-histoire et theorie sur mesure dans le "revisionnisme" francais. History and Theory 28, 2 (1989) 173-197.

Argues that French historical revisionism evolved as an attempt to liberate the Western conscience from the oppression caused by the genocide of the Jews. Mentions the contribution of two founders of French Holocaust revisionism, Maurice Bardeche and Paul Rassinier, and their influence on Robert Faurisson, Henri Roques, and other right-wing revisionists. Discusses the main arguments and tendencies of the extreme-left revisionists (Pierre Guillaume and the La Vieille Taupe group). Their Marxist explanation of the Holocaust, during the 1960s, implied that the Jews were eliminated by the German capitalists since they belonged to the petty and middle bourgeoisie and were considered useless to the processes of production. Later they also argued that the gas chambers did not exist. Affirms that the spread of revisionist theories and of Holocaust denial has been encouraged by current antisemitic and anti-Israel tendencies in France. LV

Friedlaender, Saul: Reflections of Nazism: An Essay on Kitsch and Death. Trans.: Thomas Weyr. New York: Harper and Row, 1984. 141 pp.  Originally published as "Reflets du Nazisme" (Paris: Seuil, 1982). Also appeared in paperback (New York: Avon Books, 1986).

An analysis of the "new discourse" on Nazism as reflected in recent films (e.g. Fassbinder, Syberberg), novels (e.g. Steiner, Tournier) and biographies (e.g. Speer), in which the worst aspects of Nazism are neutralized. Historians, too, distort the images of Hitler and Nazism, and also the image of the Jew, whether they are revisionists who deny the Holocaust or Marxists who minimize the role of antisemitism and the Final Solution in Nazi ideology. Studying the present-day phenomenon sheds light on the hold that Nazism and Hitler had on the popular imagination in Germany during the Nazi era.

Funkenstein, Amos: History, Counter-History and Narrative. Alpayim 4 (1991) 206-223. (In Hebrew)

Discusses forms in which history has been transmitted from ancient times until the present, history as narrative, and problems arising from the attempt to define what are "facts" and what constitutes "reality." Counter-history is a form of historical narrative used throughout the centuries against opponents, consisting generally of inauthentic narrative, and it is dangerous and destructive. Analyzes examples, such as Manetho against the Jews, Augustine against the Romans, medieval Jewry against Christianity ("Toledoth Yeshu"), Christians against Judaism, Protestants against Catholicism, Marx against liberals and capitalism. Pp. 218-221 discuss the Nazi revisionist view of Jewish history and present-day Holocaust denial. Counter-history attacks the identity of the Other by creating a dangerous false "reality." Concludes that the result must inevitably be the self-destruction of the creator(s) of counter-history because their own identity is based on negation of the enemy. If they win the battle, they will be destroyed together with their victim. SSC

Gesher Symposium on the Resurgence of Antisemitism. Gesher 122 (Win 1990-1991) 17-32; 123 (Sum 1991) 39-49. (In Hebrew)

The journal presented a list of questions to Jewish communal leaders and thinkers in Israel and abroad regarding present-day antisemitism. The questions were: 1) What are the main social, economic, spiritual and political factors of resurgent antisemitism and what is the meaning of its threat for Jews in a particular country and for the Jewish people in general? 2) How should this problem be addressed? Should the reaction be limited to Jewish organizations or should one encourage a wider coalwith non-Jewish bodies willing to help fight antisemitism? 3) How is the resurgent antisemitism different from other forms of racism and prejudice? 4) What role can the State of Israel play in the fight against antisemitism? Can cooperation between Israel and the Diaspora be ensured, and how? What influence does the new antisemitism have on Ziideology? 5) To what extent does extreme-right antisemitism, and sometimes extreme-left, coincide with anti-Israel positions? 6) What is the place of Holocaust denial in today's wave of antisemitism? The respondents were: Nathan Rotenstreich, Isi J. Leibler, Immanuel Jakobovits, Alfred Y. Gottschalk, Henry L. Feingold, Milton Himmelfarb, Abraham H. Foxman, W.D. Rubinstein. SSC

Giordano, Ralph: Wird Deutschland wieder gefaehrlich? Mein Brief an Kanzler Kohl , Ursachen und Folgen. Koeln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1993. 272 pp.

Giordano discusses his reasons for publishing, on 23 November 1992, an open letter to Chancellor Kohl declaring that Jews in Germany, survivors of the Holocaust, felt unsafe in the prevailing atmosphere of violence, xenophobia, and antisemitism, and advocating that they be ready for armed self-defense. Asserts that German failure to deal with the past and prosecute war criminals made possible the present wave of neo-Nazism and Holocaust relativization or denial. Presents a selection of the letters received in response: some expressing solidarity, others blatantly neo-Nazi and antisemitic, comparing German guilt with that of the Israelis towards the Palestinians or threatening the author with death. RW

Giordano, Ralph: Die zweite Schuld oder, Von der Last Deutscher zu sein. Hamburg: Rasch und Roehring, 1987. 368 pp.

The guilt complex of contemporary Germans is attributed to two factors: crimes committed during the Nazi regime, and their denial and repression. Analyzes the psychological causes of the latter, contending that true denazification has not yet occurred. Describes efforts made to minimize or deny the Holocaust. Pp. 342-352, "Ist Auschwitz Vergleichbar?," restates arguments raised in the "historians' debate." States that Germans have no right to criticize Zionism and Israel or to compare them to Nazism. MR

Graml, Hermann: Auschwitzluege und Leuchter-Bericht. Tribuene 134 (1995) 137-146.  Appeared also in "Taeter , Opfer , Folgen" (1995).

Argues that the Holocaust is an indisputable historical fact, known to a large number of Germans already at the time of its perpetration, and recorded in innumerable documents, memoirs, and testimonies given at war crimes trials. As long as its memory was fresh, even the radical right did not dare deny it; but since about 1970 this has changed. Neo-Nazis need to deny the Holocaust in order to dissociate themselves from this universally abhorred element of the ideology they wish to propagate. Their publications ignore the documentary sources, or try to represent them as forged. Asserts that although these absurd claims are unlikely to convince most readers, the legislation that now makes Holocaust denial a punishable offense is to be welcomed. RW

Greene, Wallace: The Holocaust Hoax: A Rejoinder. Jewish Social Studies 46, 3-4 (Sum-Fall 1984) 263-276.

A refutation of the allegations of the "Journal of Historical Review" and other revisionist publications which claim that the Holocaust was a myth and that a conspiracy exists to prevent that truth being known. Brings evidence from captured German documents. "A staggering array of documents" is available tracing every stage in the building and operation of the extermination camps.

Gutman, Yisrael: The Denial of the Holocaust and Its Consequences. Remembering for the Future. Vol. I-II. Oxford: Pergamon, 1989. Pp. 2116-2124.

Discusses some of the false information and arguments put forward by Holocaust deniers and shows how they can be refuted by existing evidence and testimonies. But lately, well-known historians have been contributing, whether consciously or unconsciously, to the phenomenon of denial. Mentions, in this regard, works by David Irving, Helmut Diwald, A.J.P. Taylor, the intentionalist-functionalist debate, and the "historians' debate." One must differentiate between legitimate historical interpretations and the campaign to present the Holocaust as a Jewish invention, but the ambiguity of some scholars arouses concern. SSC

Gutman, Yisrael: Denying the Holocaust. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism; Shazar Library, 1985. 46 pp. (Study Circle on World Jewry in the Home of the President of Israel, 13 May 1984).  Appeared simultaneously in Hebrew.

Discusses the development of the Holocaust denial phenomenon , the methods, the motives, the leaders, the audience, and the Jewish reaction. The essence of the denial is directed against Zionism and Israel, though the thrust of the assault is directed against the entire Jewish people; it seeks to delegitimize the Jews and Zionism by identifying them with racism.

Gutman, Yisrael: El Holocausto: Que se esconde detras del intento de desmentirlo. Rumbos 20 (June 1987) 40-54.

Describes various aspects of the Holocaust, including Nazi racism and antisemitism, the behavior of Jewish leaders, the resistance, and the connection between the Holocaust and the creation of the State of Israel. Discusses the postwar phenomenon of Holocaust denial, with its complex system of propaganda spread by individuals and pseudo-scientific groups in leaflets, periodicals, lectures, and congresses. Their main assertion is that the extermination camps did not exist and that the evidence is the result of a Zionist plot to discredit Germany. Neo-Nazi groups are the most dangerous and are well-supplied with funds from veteran Nazis and Arab sources. BS

Haupt, Peter I.: A Universe of Lies: Holocaust Revisionism and the Myth of a Jewish World-Conspiracy. Patterns of Prejudice 25, 1 (Sum 1991) 75-85.

Analyzes Arthur R. Butz's "The Hoax of the Twentieth Century" (1976), which contends that the numbers of those killed in the Holocaust are unreliable since both pre- and postwar statistics were supplied by Jews and communists. Similarly, he claims that extermination camps were only work camps and that postwar tribunals (e.g. the Nuremberg Tribunal) are unreliable since they were part of an Allied propaganda campaign. Butz contends that the Allies were manipulated into disseminating the Holocaust myth in 1944 due to Zionist attempts to establish the State of Israel, and that the Jews continued to benefit from this myth. Haupt states that despite differences between "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" and Holocaust revisionism, they both see totalitarianism, with its "universe of lies" as the ultimate threat, and they hold the Jews responsible. However, revisionists feel they must prove that the Holocaust never happened, not only to demonstrate Jewish power, but to deny Jewish impotence (i.e. that they were victims of the Final Solution). LC

Hayward, Joel Stuart: Holocaust Revisionism in New Zealand: The "Thinking Man's Anti-Semitism?" Without Prejudice 4 (Dec 1991) 38-49.

Discusses manifestations of Holocaust revisionism in New Zealand since it first appeared in the 1970s. Contends that, in contrast to grass-roots level neo-fascists (who do believe that the Holocaust occurred), organized neo-fascist groups support Holocaust revisionism; nevertheless, their influence is limited. But institutions such as Western Destiny Publications and the New Zealand League of Rights do pose a threat to the public at large. Their increasingly energetic publication and dissemination of revisionist material, and especially their covert methods (e.g. publication under the guise of supporting "free speech") trap unsuspecting readers and can influence them to hate Jews. Advises Jews to continue to present the facts of the Holocaust to Christians as a way to combat Holocaust revisionism, rather than take legal action. LC

Hentges, Gudrun; Kempfert, Guy; Kuehnl, Reinhard, eds.: Antisemitismus: Geschichte , Interessenstruktur , Aktualitaet. Heilbronn: Distel, 1995. 190 pp.

Includes article on Holocaust denial: Obermueller, Klara: Die "Auschwitz-Luege" (153-168).

Hill, Leonidas Edwin: The Trial of Ernst Zundel: Revisionism and the Law in Canada. Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual 6 (1989) 165-219.

Examines the proceedings of the trials of Ernst Zundel, a German citizen with a "landed immi-grant" status in Canada. Zundel was prosecuted by the Crown in 1and 1988 for publication of pamphlets denying the Holocaust, under section 177 of the Canadian Criminal Code which states that it is a criminal offense for anyone to promote hatred which he knows is false and which also causes injury to the public interest. Although Zundel was found guilty at both trials, only the second one specified that he spread hatred deliberately. LC

Hirsch, Herbert: History and the Politics of Memory: Rewriting the Holocaust. Australian Journal of Jewish Studies 8, 1 (1994) 95-111.

Identifies five techniques employed by Holocaust "revisionists": denial, creation of myths, shifting blame (by exonerating the perpetrators), rationalization, and relativization by comparing the Holocaust to other events. The goal of this type of literature is not academic debate, but political manipulation of memory. The mechanisms of commemoration (through art and literature, and public ceremonies) may help to fight revision and denial. LV

Hockenos, Paul: Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe. New York: Routledge, 1993. x, 332 pp.

A detailed account of extreme-right and neo-Nazi movements in Eastern Europe after the fall of the communist regimes. Surveys the activities and propaganda of the Skinheads and neo-Nazi groups in East and West Germany, before and after the unification, and similar extremist groups in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Focuses on the xenophobic and antisemitic stands of the Hungarian writer and politician Istvan Csurka, and the antisemitic press in Hungary and Romania. Discusses forms of Holocaust denial in Romania and Croatia, provoked by the new cult of I. Antonescu and by the Croatian president Tudjman's tendency to contest the massacres of Jews in the Croatian concentration camps during World War II. Ch. 8 (pp. 271-299), "Anti-Semitism without Jews," focuses on the re-emergence of anti-Jewish myths and stereotypes in Eastern Europe, especially the alleged Jewish conspiracy for world domination, now represented, in antisemitic propaganda, by the International Monetary Fund. LV

Hodara, Raquel: Denial of the Holocaust. Kivunim 37 (Nov 1987) 123-145.]  Appeared in Spanish in "Rumbos" 16 (1986). (In Hebrew)

Summarizes arguments expressed in the Holocaust denial literature published since 1946, and the motives and methodology of the Holocaust deniers (including the Nazi cover-up during the Holocaust). The main motive is antisemitism, followed by racism and anti-communism. Suggests ways to fight this phenomenon, through public and legal action on the one hand, and education and academic research on the other. SSC

Hodara, Raquel: El intento de negacion del Holocausto. Rumbos 16 (June 1986) 15-45.  Appeared in Hebrew in "Kivunim" 37 (1987).

Holz, Klaus; Mueller, Elfriede: Die Affaere Roger Garaudy/Abbe Pierre: Bemerkungen zum Revisionismus in Frankreich. Jahrbuch fuer Antisemitismusforschung 6 (1997) 148-159.

Analyzes revisionism and Holocaust denial in France since the 1950s, and the recent pronouncements of the well-known priest Abbe Pierre in support of the revisionist Garaudy as a step toward their legitimation. Garaudy, in his book "Les mythes fondateurs de la politique israelienne" (1996), asserts, like Paul Rassinier and other revisionists of the radical left and right before him, that the "myth" of the Holocaust was propagated by the Zionists in order to cover up their genocide of the Palestinians. Sees Holocaust denial, from the beginning, as part of an effort to rehabilitate the French nation by exonerating it of guilt for Vichy collaboration with the Nazis. RW

Huerta, Carlos C.: Holocaust Revisionism in the Classroom. Ten Da'at 5, 2 (Spr 1991) 5-6.

Contends that Jewish high-school and college students should be taught who the Holocaust revisionists are, their methods, and their literature. Watching sad and moving film footage does not prepare the Jewish student to confront the arguments of Holocaust deniers whose influence is growing. It is imperative that courses for high-school teachers on the Holocaust include exposure and responses to revisionist theories. SSC

Huerta, Carlos C.: Revisionist Literature: Its Place in Holocaust Literature and Its Role in Teaching the Holocaust. Conservative Judaism 47, 1 (Fall 1994) 19-26.

Asserts that in recent years Holocaust denial has become a real problem, especially in the USA, and pleads for introducing "revisionist" literature in the study of the Holocaust. Not exposing students to this kind of literature, which has penetrated American university campuses, leaves them open to the deniers' arguments when they are eventually encountered. Surveys briefly the main revisionist authors (e.g. Mark Weber, Robert Faurisson, Fred A. Leuchter) and the methods of spreading their propaganda. Suggests concrete ways to teach the revisionists' technique of misusing historical documents. LV

Inowlocki, Lena: Leugnen ohne Absicht? Zum Hamburger Freispruch fuer das Behaupten eines "Auschwitzmythos." Babylon 16-17 (Oct 1996) 15-34.

Traces the history of German legislation against Holocaust denial and the ensuing judicial decisions. Refutes the argument that this legislation is an infringement on freedom of opinion. Contends that reasoned judicial opinions on this matter serve an important educational function: the rhetoric of Holocaust denial implies that the individual has the power to determine what is true, and this makes it especially attractive to young people. Analyzes a recorded message disseminated in March 1994 over a private telephone service in Hamburg, complaining that the film "Schindler's List" perpetuated the "Auschwitz myth." The perpetrators were brought to trial. The court, disregarding the neo-Nazi context of the message, held that "myth" did not necessarily mean "lie," and exonerated the accused. RW

Is There a Cure for Anti-Semitism? Partisan Review 61, 3 (Sum 1994) 368-465.

A transcript of a public debate held in May 1994 in New York. Among the participants were Saul Bellow, Stanley Crouch, Eugene Genovese, John Gross, Cynthia Ozick, Martin Peretz, Norman Podhoretz, James Sleeper, and Robert Wistrich. The speeches and discussion focused on the essence of antisemitism and its history, current forms of antisemitism in the USA, especially the increase of anti-Jewish rhetoric among intellectuals and leaders of the Black community (e.g. Louis Farrakhan, Leonard Jeffries), aspects of anti-Zionism and Holocaust denial, as well as an examination of appropriate forms to contend with antisemitism. LV

Jaeckel, Eberhard: David Irving's Hitler: A Faulty History Dissected: Two Essays. Trans. and comments: H. David Kirk. Port Angeles, WA: Ben-Simon Publications, 1993. 58 pp.

Translation of two essays from the collection "Im Kreuzfeuer: Der Fernsehfilm `Holocaust'," eds. Peter Maertesheimer, Ivo Frevel (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1979). Earlier abbreviated versions of the essays appeared in the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung," 25 August 1977 and 22 June 1978. Kirk's introduction (pp. 5-16), "The Nazi Stake in Faulty History," and his postscript (pp. 39-54) deal with Irving's place as a "revisionist historian" influencing Holocaust denial, and trace his technique of distorting historical truth, similar to the means used by Nazi propaganda. Jaeckel's essays, written to counter Irving's false allegations, are entitled: "Refutation of the Absurd Thesis That `Hitler Is Innocent in the Murder of Europe's Jews'" (pp. 17-33) and "Once More , Irving, Hitler and the Murder of the Jews" (pp. 34-38). LV

Jones, Jeremy: Holocaust Revisionism in Australia. Without Prejudice 4 (Dec 1991) 50-56.

Antisemitism in Australia today is expressed through Holocaust revisionism which takes three forms: denial thathe Jews were victims of the Nazis' systematic genocide; the assertion that the murder of the Jews was a result of the collaboration of Jewish (or Zionist) leaders with the Nazis; trivialization of the Nazis' crimes and distortion of the Arab-Israeli conflict by comparing Israelis with Nazis. Describes Australian revisionist activities, and contends that the third form is the most widespread and potentially dangerous, because it is the mostsocially acceptable. Mentions particularly the Holocaust denial activities of Melbourne lawyer John Bennett and the views of the British revisionist historian David Irving. Concludes with suggestions for ways to combat revisionism. LC

Jones, Mitchell: The Leuchter Report: A Dissection. Cedar Park, TX: 21st Century Logic, 1992. 86 pp.

Based on the author's correspondence with the Holocaust denier Louis Rollins between 1988-91, in which they discussed the "Leuchter Report." In 1988 Fred Leuchter travelled to Auschwitz to gather evidence in support of the legal defense of Ernst Zundel. Leuchter conducted laboratory tests on a sample of material he brought from the camp and concluded that the poison gas "Zyklon B" could not have been used in the gas chambers. Jones refutes Leuchter's arguments and shows that antisemitism underlies them. He calls for responding to revisionists' assertions by counter-arguments and not by emotional reactions, not to ban them, and not to ignore them completely. Contends that the lack of rebuttal by scholars gives respectability to the revisionists' theories and helps them to recruit followers. DR

Un jugement du tribunal de grande instance de Paris. Le Monde Juif 137 (Jan-Mar 1990) 1-5.  Appeared also in "Sens" 42, 5 (1990) 246-250.

Publishes the judgment of the High Court of Paris in the defamation lawsuit of Robert Faurisson against Georges Wellers and the Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine, for naming him as a "history falsifier." Asserting the validity of the defense's claim that Faurisson's theories contradict historical truth as well as Nazi documents concerning the Final Solution, the court rejected Faurisson's suit and sentenced him to pay the costs of the trial. LV

Kakutani, Michiko: Quando a vitima e a historia [When the Victim Is the History]. Heranca Judaica 87 (Dec 1993) 9-15.  Translated from "The New York Times," 30 April 1993.

Discusses the problem of the recent growth of historical revisionism and Holocaust denial in Europe and the United States. States that a growing ignorance of the historical facts among the general public and the manipulation of the media which allows the rewriting of every truth are fertile ground for Holocaust denial. Other influencing factors: relativization by those who criticize "unrepresentation" of other victims of World War II, and deconstructionism as a theory preaching the relativity of all significance or truth. AA

Kaplan, Jeffrey: Right Wing Violence in North America. Terrorism and Political Violence 7, 1 (Spr 1995) 44-95.

Offers a brief typology of the organizations and ideologies represented in American radical right movements; dwells on such movements as the KKK, Christian Identity, neo-Nazi groups, neopagan Odinists, the Church of the Creator, the tax protest movement, and Holocaust deniers. The ideologies of all of these groups include racism and antisemitism, the latter often in a religious form. Using Ehud Sprinzak's theory of split delegitimization, explores factors which may be responsible for catalyzing right-wing violence. Shows the reaction of groups such as the ADL and the American Jewish Committee, as well as of the state, to radical right activities. DR

Kashtan, Rivka; Friedman, Violeta: "To Remember Does Not Mean to Hate." Hadoar 70, 27 (19 July 1991) 17-19. (In Hebrew)

An interview with Violeta Friedman, a survivor of Auschwitz now living in Spain, which took place in April 1990. Five years before, she had brought a libel suit against Leon Degrelle (the Belgian Nazi leader who found asylum in Spain) for denying the existence of the gas chambers. She lost the suit on the basis that it was not a libel directed against her personally. Friedman then took the issue of Holocaust denial to the Constitutional Court of Spain where it is still pending. She lectures frequently to Spanish audiences about the Holocaust and its consequences, and deplores the increase of neo-Nazism in Spain. SSC

Kaye, Ephraim: "Holocaust Denial" , a Marginal Phenomenon or a Real Danger? Yalkut Moreshet 63 (May 1997) 15-47. (In Hebrew)

Discusses categories of Nazi, Soviet, Polish, and Jewish documents and publications (e.g. memoranda, reports, diaries, memoirs, testimonies, trial proceedings) which elucidate the Holocaust and defy the arguments of the Holocaust deniers. Contests attempts to relate Holocaust denial to historical revisionism; regards it as an antisemitic phenomenon. Surveys and analyzes the history of Holocaust denial since World War II, discussing the activities, written works, and arguments of its leading figures. Summarizes essential data regarding Holocaust denial for the guidance of those who might be confused by its pseudo-scientific guise. LFo

Klarsfeld, Serge, ed.: Memoire du genocide: Un recueil de 80 articles du "Monde Juif." Paris: Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine; Association "Les Fils et Filles des Deportes Juifs de France", 1987. 702 pp.

A collection of articles which appeared in "Le Monde Juif" between 1946-86, dealing with the persecution of Jews in France, Italy, and Tunisia during the war; attempts to save Jews in various countries (e.g. the Netherlands, Greece, Denmark, Bulgaria, Finland); Jewish resistance; the attitude of the Vatican; trials of Nazi war criminals; and responses to Holocaust denial. HV

Knoller, Rivkah: The Phenomenon of Holocaust Denial. Mahanaim 9 (Nov 1994) 238-247.]  Appeared also in the "Bulletin of the Arnold and Leona Finkler Institute of Holocaust Research" 7 (Aug 1996). (In Hebrew)

Gives a brief survey of the history of Holocaust denial and comments on the major figures and their main arguments. Also describes their action strategies and their supporters. States that the oppositional tactic of disregarding Holocaust denial did not prove efficient in minimizing the impact of the phenomenon. Therefore, it should be publicly answered, by presentation of authentic historical facts as well as by exposing the system and motives of Holocaust denial. LFo

Kornberg, Jacques: The Paranoid Style: Analysis of a Holocaust-Denial Text. Patterns of Prejudice 29, 2-3 (Apr-July 1995) 33-44.

Analyzes A.R. Butz's "The Hoax of the Twentieth Century" (1976). This text reveals traits of paranoid writing. Butz's theory is based on the idea of a great Jewish conspiracy, beyond proportions, depicting "world Zionist Jewry" as an omnipotent and ubiquitous force. The very lack of documents demonstrating such a plot, and the contention that the vast documentation on which the Nuremberg prosecution was built was forged, is used by Butz to demonstrate the shrewdness and power of the Jewish conspiracy. The main goal of this style of writing is to rehabilitate Nazism. Contending that the Holocaust never happened, Butz depicts the Nazis as victims and the Jews as victimizers. Recommends to avoid entering into debate with Holocaust deniers, thereby rendering the "Jewish conspiracy theory" some legitimation. DR

Kovacs, Andras: The Holocaust, the Persecution of Jews and Historical Responsibility: Findings of a Survey in Hungary. East European Jewish Affairs 28, 1 (Sum 1998) 55-68.

Examines results of a survey conducted in March 1995 in Hungary which consisted of interviews of 1,500 people. The interviews were carried out by the Gallup/Hungary Public Opinion Research Institute. The survey aimed to examine the breadth, strength, content, and variety of antisemitic prejudice in Hungary and to determine what Hungarians felt about the Holocaust and their responsibility for persecution of Jews during World War II. The questions were grouped in three clusters: "Holocaust denial," "acceptance of responsibility," and "legitimization of forgetting." Results show that Holocaust denial arises from the lower strata of the social hierarchy; responsibility for persecution is rejected by certain urban groups stemming from families of high social status; and forgetting is supported by groups of low social status. Contends that in Hungary Holocaust denial is not a form of symbolic expression of antisemitism, as it is in the West; it stems mainly from a uniquely Eastern European development of historical knowledge. Pp. 64-68 contain tables showing correlaof the responses with age, sex, education, social status, antisemitism, etc. DR

Kuehner, Claudia: Ein fragwuerdiges Impressum: Der "Eidgenoss," ein antisemitisches Pamphlet aus der Schweiz. Tribuene 101 (1987) 46-49.

The journal "Eidgenoss" is currently published in Switzerland, by Max Wahl, for a primarily German neo-Nazi readership. It propagates antisemitism and Holocaust denial. Its sources of funding and place of publication are kept secret. RW

Kulka, Erich: Denial of the Holocaust. Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review 2 (1991) 38-62.

An article compiled by the editor, Israel W. Charny, from previous works written by Kulka. Describes the phenomenon of Holocaust denial which arose after World War II, and discusses some of the denial literature produced in the USA, France, Britain, and Germany. Discusses, also, the revisionism of Ernst Nolte and others. States that the number of publications denying or questioning the Holocaust is growing. Suggests that public officials, academic and scholarly institutions, and Holocaust survivors' organizations must unite in a concerted campaign to stop these history-distorters; they should not be ignored. SSC

Kulka, Erich: Fighting Distortions and the Denials of the Holocaust. The Voice of Auschwitz Survivors in Israel: Forty Years after, ed. Shira Nahari. Jerusalem: Public Committee in Israel of Survivors of Auschwitz, 1985. Pp. 13-37.  Published simultaneously in German as "Vierzig Jahre danach."

Traces the history of Holocaust denial, and describes a number of publications by neo-Nazi or extreme right-wing authors.

Kulka, Erich: New Forms of Auschwitz Lies. The Voice of Auschwitz Survivors in Israel 37 (Jan 1987) 2-6.  Published simultaneously in German.

Condemns Ernst Nolte for using revisionist and Holocaust denial arguments. Denies Nolte's argument that Nazi methods were copied from the Soviets. Nolte ignores the participation of professional elites, such as the SS physicians, in the Holocaust and the complicity of large sections of German society. The Holocaust must be viewed as a unique event in human history , an attempt to eradicate the idea of Judaism, as well as the Jews. LF

Kuttner, Paul: The Holocaust , Hoax or History? The Book of Answers to Those Who Would Deny the Holocaust. New York: Dawnwood Press, 1996. xi, 276 pp.

Presents the main arguments put forward by Holocaust deniers. Some of them allege that the Holocaust did not take place at all; others try to diminish its scope or relativize it. Some revisionists, although they do not deny the fact of the mass murder of Jews, challenge the existence of killing centers and gas chambers, or try to absolve perpetrators or collaborator groups of responsibility. Many allegations attack the Jews in one way or another, and border on justification of the Nazi genocide. The book is composed of statements made by deniers, and Kuttner's rebuttals based on historical documents and testimonies. DR

Labedz, Leo: Holocaust: Myths and Horrors. Survey 30, 1-2 (Mar 1988) 240-263.  First published in 1980.

On pp. 240-247, condemns the tendency to minimize or relativize the horrors of the Nazi Holocaust and of Stalinist atrocities. Surveys the spread of Holocaust denial in Australia, Britain, France, and the USA. Notes that in the USSR, the Holocaust was rarely mentioned, but allegations of Jewish collaboration in genocide are sometimes made. The rest of the article is concerned with Western denial of the existence of Soviet concentration camps and reluctance to acknowledge the truth about genocide in Cambodia. LF

The League of Rights: An Evaluation of Australia's Foremost Organisation Promoting Racial and Religious Hatred. Melbourne: Executive Council of Australian Jewry, 1985. 9 pp.

This pamphlet was issued in order to inform the public of the true nature of the Australian League of Rights, an organization which poses as a respectable right-wing body. In fact, the League is an extremely radical racist and antisemitic body, founded in 1946 by supporters of the Social Credit movement of C.H. Douglas, who claimed he would solve the world economic crisis caused by a conspiracy of Jewish financiers. The League also supports Holocaust denial and anti-Zionist activities.

Levi, Primo: O dificil caminho da verdade [The Difficult Way of the Truth]. Heranca Judaica 83 (July 1992) 39-46.  Originally published in Italian in "La Rassegna Mensile di Israel" 48 (1982).

States that the Nazis were confident that nobody would believe the enormity of the Holocaust after the camps were destroyed and the witnesses were killed. Argues that many Germans knew of the Jews' fate, since the camps were part of the German war economy. Denounces present-day historical revisionism. AA

Levi Della Torre, Stefano: Nuove forme della giudeofobia. La Rassegna Mensile di Israel 50, 5-8 [May-Aug 1984] (1985) 249-280.

Analyzes contemporary forms of antisemitism, such as revisionism (Holocaust denial), the increase of publications against Israel and the Jews and, during the War in Lebanon, a revival of theological antisemitism in some Catholic circles. Discusses the political context of this new hostility.

Lipstadt, Deborah Esther: Betrifft: Leugnen des Holocaust. Trans.: Gabriele Kosack. Zuerich: Rio, 1994. 319 pp.  Originally published as "Denying the Holocaust" (New York: Free Press, 1993).

Lipstadt, Deborah Esther: Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. New York: Free Press, 1993. ix, 278 pp.  On back of title-page: A research project of the Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

A detailed analysis of the phenomenon of Holocaust denial, which originated in the myth of the Jewish conspiracy and radical anti-Jewish propaganda. Examines the activities and writings of Holocaust deniers in France (P. Rassinier, R. Faurisson), in the USA (H.E. Barnes, D.L. Hoggan, A.J. App, A. Butz, W.A. Carto, F. Leuchter), and in Great Britain (R.E. Harwood, D. Irving). Focuses on the propagandistic use of Holocaust denial by radical right and neo-Nazi groups, the activities of the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), and the penetration of Holocaust denial propaganda in American campuses. Describes the trials of Ernst Zundel in Canada, and the Mermelstein suit against the IHR. Mentions relativization of the Holocaust in the "historians' debate" in Germany. An appendix (pp. 223-235) deals with Holocaust deniers' allegations regarding the use of Zyklon B in Auschwitz, and the authenticity of the diary of Anne Frank. LV

Lipstadt, Deborah Esther: The Fragility of Memory: Reflections on the Holocaust. Dorot Chair of Modern Jewish and Holocaust Studies. Atlanta: Emory University, 1994. Pp. 15-29.

A lecture delivered at the inauguration of the Dorot Chair of Modern Jewish and Holocaust Studies at Emory University, 23 January 1994. Dwells on Holocaust denial, revisionism, ignorance of the facts of the Holocaust, and the appropriate ways to deal with them. Holocaust denial appeals to a deeply-rooted human wish to seek goodness in the wake of radical evil, but it is also rooted in the irrational phenomenon of antisemitism, which will always surface in some form. However, it is not deniers who pose the greatest threat to history and memory; they have only created a more hospitable space for revisionists who seek to ease Germany's historical burden. Ignorance about the Holocaust should be faced by a resolute and persistent cowith the past. That does not imply that deniers should always be confronted, as proposed by those who criticize Lipstadt's persistent refusal to debate publicly with deniers. Confrontation may enable absurd a-historical or anti-historical notions to be presented as ideas worthy of consideration. We should debate much about the Holocaust, but not about whether it happened. LFo

Lipstadt, Deborah Esther: The Fragility of Memory: Reflections on the Holocaust. Gesher 130 (Win 1994) 53-62.] (In Hebrew). Originally published in English in "Dorot Chair of Modern Jewish and Holocaust Studies" (Atlanta: Emory University, 1994).

Lipstadt, Deborah Esther: Holocaust-Denial and the Compelling Force of Reason. Paof Prejudice 26, 1-2 (1992) 64-76.

Holocaust denial, which began decades ago as a marginal phenomenon lying far beyond the borders of academic studies, is now rising and threatens to become a "revisionist school" of history. It has become politicized, and its arguments are widely used by right-wing extremists; it receives the attention of mass media; its influence on the younger generation on campuses is substantial. Moreover, it gives a kind of legitimacy to the attempts to relativize the Holocaust. Contends that it is not worthwhile to debate with revisionists because such debates give their theories the imprimatur of a legitimate historical option, but it is necessary to analyze their arguments and to expose their intentions and political attitudes. DR

Lopez, Guido; Levi, Primo: Se non lui, chi: Con un inedito di Primo Levi. Roma: Centro di Cultura Ebraica della Comunita Israelitica di Roma, 1987. 24 pp.

On pp. 3-11 Lopez discusses Primo Levi's attitude towards Judaism in the light of his works. Pp. 17-23 contain the article by Levi, "Il difficile cammino della verita" ["La Rassegna Mensile di Israel" 48 (1982)], in which he contends that the German people knew about the Holocaust since the "concentration-camp universe" was an active part of the Nazi economy. Now that facts and witnesses have receded into the past, Nazi criminals can say that they did not know. Denounces French historical revisionism which rejects the evidence of Jewish, Russian, or Polish witnesses as that of communists, and claims that material proofs are falsifications and that confessions were obtained under duress or by drugs. AA

Luzzatto Voghera, Gadi: L'antisemitismo: Domande e risposte. Milano: Feltrinelli, 1994. 152 pp.

A survey of antisemitism through the ages, intended for Italian school teachers and pupils in the wake of the antisemitic and racist wave of violence in Europe in 1992. Discusses traditional and modern antisemitism, antisemitic stereotypes (e.g. blood libels, the Jewish conspiracy theory), Nazism, anti-Zionism as antisemitism, and other contemporary anti-Jewish expressions. Also discusses the Holocaust, and especially reactions to the Holocaust, revisionist theories, and Holocaust denial. Pp. 131-146 refer to Holocaust-related films (e.g. "Schindler's List"). AA

MacKenzie, Ian: Pragmatism, Rhetoric, and History. Poetics Today 16, 2 (Sum 1995) 283-299.

Analyzes Richard Rorty's notion of pragmatism (expounded in "Contingency, Irony and Solidarity," 1989) as opposed to Paul de Man's concept of the "inhuman" nature of language and history which, by postulating the nonphenomenality and mechanization of language, in fact absolves the author of any responsibility for his intended meaning (de Man was a Nazi collaborator!). According to Rorty, people use a "final vocabulary" to justify or describe their beliefs or actions while others may doubt the validity of these vocabularies and open them to revision. Subsequently, anything can be made to look good or bad, i.e. redescribed. Revisionists, who pretend that the Nazi gas chambers never existed, exploit inconsistencies in survivors' testimonies, for example, to re-describe, and in fact to deconstruct and unwrite the Holocaust. Contends that although they have their own vocabulary, they can still be held responsible for what they say. AA

Maegerle, Anton: Hitlers Enkel: Namen, Daten, Medien. Tribuene 135 (1995) 148-156.

Deals with the diffusion of neo-Nazi propaganda in Germany by means of the build-up of a network of information services by neo-Nazis. Mentions the use of video-tapes, mailings, the Internet, etc. States that right-wing extremists find ways to avoid various prohibitions of Nazi commemoration, organizing events in Germany and abroad which are used for making contacts and diffusing information. Very popular for German neo-Nazis participating in such events abroad is the occasion to wear symbols forbidden in Germany, like the swastika and ancient Germanic symbols. A large part of the propaganda material is printed in Spain, Austria, Belgium, Canada, and, to a growing extent, in the USA, and sent from these countries to Germany. Mentions names of neo-Nazi publications, periodicals, and Holocaust deniers. ID

Meier, Horst: Das Strafrecht gegen die "Auschwitzluege." Merkur 48, 12 (Dec 1994) 1128-1132.

Discusses the law passed by the German Bundestag in 1994, making it a crime to publicly approve, deny, or trivialize any genocidal act performed under the Nazi regime. A previous law, passed in 1960, only prohibited incitement to hatred or violence, or insult to a population group. Argues that in the latter case, the right to respect of any one group outweighs the right to free speech of the other; but a falsification of history, which is not perceived as insulting, is better countered in open debate rather than in the courts. RW

Melchior, Ib; Brandenburg, Frank: Quest , Searching for Germany's Nazi Past: A Young Man's Story. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1990. xii, 330 pp.

An account, based on tapes and interviews, of a young German, Frank Brandenburg, who sought out former Nazi Party and SS high-ranking officers (e.g. Karl Wolff, Werner Best) in order to understand Germany's Nazi past. He also raised the question of the actuality of the mass extermination of Jews and other peoples under the Nazi regime; all respondents from the Nazi ranks rejected its actuality or tried to diminish its scope. Pp. 164-172 include an interview with a Jewish survivor who relates her experiences in Auschwitz. DR

Mendelsohn, Oskar: Jodenes historie i Norge gjennom 300 ar [History of the Jews in Norway during 300 Years]. Vol. 1-2. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1987. 700; 664 pp.  Vol. 1 was first published in 1969. Vol. 2 appeared in 1986. An abridged and updated version appeared in 1992.

Vol. 1 covers the years 1660-1940. Vol. 2 covers World War II, the Holocaust, and the postwar period (including the subjects of Holocaust denial and anti-Zionism as antisemitism). For antisemitism, see the index. SSC

Mensdorf, Alexander: Im Namen der Republik: Rechtsextremismus und Justiz in Oesterreich. Wien: Loecker, 1990. 312 pp.

Describes the persistence of neo-Nazi organizations in Austria, whose propaganda includes Holocaust denial and allegations of the harmful influence of Jews on the German-Austrian people. Reports on 11 lawsuits in which these organizations or their leaders sued various journalists for slander. One involved Friedrich Peter, leader of the Freiheitliche Partei Oesterreichs, who in 1975 sued against a report that he had taken part in mass shootings as an SS officer in Russia; the defense brought voluminous evidence that his unit carried out the shootings, but Peter won his suit. In another case, the Ring Freiheitlicher Studenten, a neo-Nazi student organization, in 1987 obtained the right of rebuttal against a student paper that had reported on molestation of opponents at an antisemitic lecture sponsored by the organization at the University of Vienna. RW

Miele, Frank: Giving the Devil His Due: Holocaust Revisionism as a Test Case for Free Speech and the Skeptical Ethic. Skeptic 2, 4 (1994) 58-70.

Presents the views of Ernst Zuendel and David Irving (based on interviews with them), and of others such as Robert Faurisson and Fred Leuchter. Differentiates between "valid Holocaust revisionism" which "provides inforon which others may reach different conclusions" and denial of the Holocaust. Discusses legal proceedings taken against these revisionists in various countries (especially Canada), and argues against legislation restricting free speech as a means of opposing Holocaust denial. SSC

Molinari, Maurizio, ed.: Razzismo, xenofobia, antisemitismo in Europa. Nuova Antologia 2186 (Apr-June 1993) 5-24.

A collection of seven interviews and articles on the danger of the revival of xenophobia, ethnic hate, and antisemitism in contemporary Europe. Norberto Bobbio states that expressions of racism are inevitable in contact with an immigrant minority, but they need not be discriminatory or violent. He observes that antisemitism is ever-present even where there are no Jews, in "scapegoat" and "Jewish conspiracy" versi. Marek Halter denounces historical revisionism, flourishing now as memory of the Holocaust fades, as an attempt to deny the rights and dignity acquired by Jews after the Holocaust. He rejects Ernst Nolte's relativization of mass murder and calls for reinforced remembering of the tragedy. AA

Morawek, Elisabeth; Steininger, Sigrid, eds.: Amoklauf gegen die Wirklichkeit: NS-Verbrechen und "revisionistische" Geschichtsschreibung. 2nd, rev. ed. Wien: Dokumentationsarchiv des oesterreichischen Widerstandes, Bundesministerium fuer Unterricht und Kunst, 1992. 135 pp.  First published in 1991.  An expanded version appeared as "Wahrheit und `Auschwitzluege'," eds. Brigitte Bailer-Galanda et al. (1995).

Partial contents: Wiesenthal, Simon: Vorwort zur zweiten Auflage (5-10); Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte: Der "Revisionismus" , pseudowissenschaftliche Propaganda (11-14); Spann, Gustav: Methoden rechtsextremer Tendenzgeschichtsschreibung und Propaganda (15-28). "Zur Leugnung der Massenmorde im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz": Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte: Die Verbrechen von Auschwitz (29-40); Id.: Der Leuchter-Bericht (41-46); Bailer, Josef: Der Leuchter-Bericht aus der Sicht eines Chemikers: Keine Massenvergasungen in Auschwitz? [Reprinted from "Die Schatten der Vergangenheit" (1990).] (47-52); Wegner, Werner: Zur Kritik des Leuchter-Gutachtens (53-70). "Zur Leugnung der Morde im Konzentrationslager Mauthausen": Freund, Florian: Die Gaskammer von Mauthausen (71-74); Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte: Das sogenannte Lachout-"Dokument" (75-82); Neugebauer, Wolfgang: "Revisionistische" Manipulation der Zahl der Holocaustopfer (83-87); Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte: Die Leugnung der Echtheit des Tagebuches der Anne Frank (89-91); Neugebauer, Wolfgang: Die Frage "Gab es einen schriftlichen Hitlerbefehl zur Judenvernichtung?" Ein "revisionistisches" Argument der Holocaust-Leugnung (93-96); Lasek, Wilhelm: "Revisionistische" Propaganda in Oesterreich (97-106); "Revisionistische" Agitation am Beispeil einer Wiener Schule (113-118); Bailer-Galanda, Brigitte: Die oesterreichische Rechtslage und der "Revisionismus" (119-126); Lasek, Wilhelm: "Revisionistische" Autoren und deren Publikationen (127-131). RW

Najarian, James: Gnawing at History: The Rhetoric of Holocaust Denial. The Midwest Quarterly 39, 1 (Fall 1997) 74-89.

Examines rhetorical strategies in the writings of Holocaust deniers; they employ some of the same techniques used by contemporary intellectuals. The Holocaust deniers are antisemites who have learned the value of rhetorical modernism. They appeal to the reader's objectivity, sense of fair play, and distrust of figurative language. They also employ the strategies of academic prose, including footnotes, references to "authorities," use of the passive voice, avoidance of emotion-laden terms (using "National Socialist Germany" instead of "Nazi Germany"), evocation of "fairness" to present the Nazi side of the story, and rejection of the testimonies of first-hand witnesses as "biased." REK

Nefsky, Marilyn Felcher: Current Status of Three Canadian Hate Mongers: Keegstra, Zuendel and Ross. From Prejudice to Destruction: Western Civilization in the Shadow of Auschwitz, eds. Jan Colijn, Marcia Sachs Littell. Muenster, 1995. Pp. 199-222.  Unseen. An abridged German version appeared in "Kirche und Israel" 11 (1996).

Nefsky, Marilyn Felcher: Kanadas Hasskraemer: Drei Fallstudien. Kirche und Israel 11, 2 (1996) 112-130.  A revised version of the author's article which appeared in English in "From Prejudice to Destruction" (Muenster, 1995).

Describes the activities of three residents of Canada: James Keegstra, Malcolm Ross, and Ernst Zundel, who propagate, in the classroom, in the mass media, and in publications, neo-Nazi views including the allegation of a Jewish world conspiracy and denial of the Holocaust. Zundel also runs a publishing house, Samisdat, which spreads antisemitic hate literature worldwide. All three were tried, were repeatedly convicted, and repeatedly appealed. The Supreme Court declared the law by which Zundel was convicted unconstitutional and acquitted him. Argues that freedom of expression must be limited when it violates the rights of others. Discusses the laws on which a prosecution can be based in such cases. RW

Paetzold, Kurt: Wider die "neue Auschwitzluege." 1999: Zeitschrift fuer Sozialgeschichte 2, 2 (Apr 1987) 158-169.

Criticizes the views of historians such as Ernst Nolte and Joachim Fest. Their theories concerning the mass murder of European Jews can be seen as Holocaust denial. It appears that "Auschwitz" was not an unusual occurrence in history; the singularity only consists of the methods employed. Denies the view that the murder of the Jews was planned in reaction to the defeats in the USSR, when Hitler understood that Germany had lost the war. Claims that, on the contrary, the mass execution of the Jews began in the euphoria of victory, in the certitude of a new Aryan Europe. Irrational Jew-hatred and hostility towards other societies enabled such atrocities. MR

Passauer, Paul: Schach den Geschichtsklitterern! Anmerkungen zur Strafbarkeit der "Auschwitz-Luege." Tribuene 95 (1985) 6-8.

Approves the initiative taken by some West German federal states to pass a law which will enable the courts to punish Holocaust denial.

Persitz, Helene; Wellers, Georges: L'affaire Mermelstein et les revisionnistes de l'histoire. Le Monde Juif 122 (Apr-June 1986) 80-92.

Reviews revisionist attempts to deny the Holocaust, mentioning central revisionist works and authors in the U.S. and in Europe , e.g. Arthur R. Butz, Robert Faurisson, Dietlieb Felderer and his antisemitic "Jewish Information Bulletin." Their allegations appear in the Institute for Historical Review's 1983 "Special Report." In 1979, a $50,000 reward was offered by the IHR to anyone who could prove the existence of the gas chambers. The challenge was taken up by an Auschwitz survivor, Melvin Mermelstein. Receiving no answer to his deposition, Mermelstein sued the IHR for breach of contract and the JIB for defamation. The Los Angeles County Court decided in 1981 that "the existence of the Holocaust is not subject to contest," and awarded him damages and apologies. AA

Petropoulos, Jonathan: Confronting the "Holocaust as Hoax" Phenomenon as Teachers. History Teacher 28, 4 (1995) 523-539.  In Germany. Unseen.

Picciotto Fargion, Liliana: Memoria della Shoa: Condizionamenti, revisioni, negazioni. La Rassegna Mensile di Israel 61, 3 [Sept-Dec 1994] (Dec 1995) 9-29.

Describes the postwar process of uncovering the truth about the fate of the Jews and of consolidation of the memory of the Holocaust. For many years, only the Germans were held responsible, while the collaboration of others, including the Italians, was downplayed. Discusses Holocaust denial, and the revisionist historiography which refutes authentic documents and testimonies, manipulates statistics of the numbers of victims, and prints accusations of a Jewish conspiracy. Refers specifically to authors such as Giorgio Pisano ("Mussolini e gli ebrei," 1967), Paul Rassinier, Henry Elmer Barnes, and Robert Faurisson. AA

Porat, Dina; Stauber, Roni, eds.: Anti-Semitism Worldwide , 1997/8. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Anti-Semitism and Racism, 1998. x, 331 pp.  Publiin cooperation with the Anti-Defamation League and the World Jewish Congress.

An annual report giving details of antisemitic activities and trends in various countries and regions worldwide. Contains sections on Western Europe, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, the Middle East, North America, Latin America, and Australia, Japan and South Africa. For each country or region gives information on the Jewish community, extremist movements and hate groups, attitudes towards the Holocaust and the Nazi era, Holocaust denial, and actions against racism and antisemitism. This issue includes a section entitled "Research Topics," with the following articles: Nadler, Arie: Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination: The Case of Anti-Semitism (9-15); Sznajder, Mario: Continuity or Change in the Ideology of the Alleanza Nazionale [whether the Italian party has abandoned fascism and become a liberal democratic party.] (17-31); Wistrich, Robert Solomon: Nationalist Challenges in the New Europe (33-39). SSC

Price, Vincent; Tewksbury, David; Huang, Li-Ning: Third-Person Effects on Publication of a Holocaust-Denial Advertisement. Journal of Communication 48, 2 (Spr 1998) 3-26.

The third-person effect hypothesis predicts that people overestimate the impact of media messages on others. Strong partisans , those who have a stake in the matter , are especially prone to perceive large media effects. Third-person effects may be magnified when the source of the message is biased against its subject. People seize upon the fact that the source is biased and discount the message, but view others as less capable of seeing through the biased intent and especially prone to persuasion. Reports the results of a study carried out in 1995-96. Students at the University of Michigan were presented with a full-page Holocaust denial ad which was placed by the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust and printed in the "University of Michigan Daily" in 1991. The students were asked about the ad's probable impact and its suitability for publication. Subjects' appraisals of influence on themselves were reasonably accurate, whereas they tended to overestimate the impact on others. Jewish students exhibited larger third-person effects than others. Students who found the ad more persuasive were more likely to support publication. SSC

Rabinbach, Anson: Memories of Assassins, Assassins of Memory: Recent French Struggles with the Past. Dissent 41, 2 (Spr 1994) 253-260.

States that for many years the French hid their trauma of the occupation, as well as tensions amounting to a "civil war" between memory of the resistance and memory of the Vichy-Berlin collaboration, behind the myth of national resistance to the Nazis. Discusses the collapse of the Gaullist myth of national resistance, quoting Henry Rousso's "The Vichy Syndrome" (1991), and recalling the pardons given Rene Bousquet (1949) and Paul Touvier (1972), high Vichy officials. Also discusses the issue of Holocaust denial in France (by Robert Faurisson and others), as well as the intent at Klaus Barbie's trial to relativize the Nazi crimes. Analyzes the efforts of Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Alain Finkielkraut, and Deborah Lipstadt to combat historical revisionism and make sure that crimes against humanity will always be punishable. AA

Redeker, Robert: La toile d'araignee du revisionnisme. Les Temps Modernes 589 (Aug-Sept 1996) 1-6.

Reflects on the present situation in the French media, where revisionism and negation of the Holocaust have become legitimate and are discussed seriously in the press and on television. Underlines the danger of such a situation for the memory of the Holocaust. HV

The Reference Librarian 61-62 (1998).  Also published in hard-cover under the title "The Holocaust: Memories, Research, Reference," eds. Robert Hauptman, Susan Hubbs Motin (Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 1998).

Includes two articles on Holocaust denial: Stauffer, Suzanne M.: Selected Issues in Holocaust Denial Literature and Reference Work [On the problem of providing access in libraries to Holocaust denial materials.] (189-193); Landesman, Betty: Holocaust Denial and the Internet (287-299). SSC

Relations Internationales 65 (Spr 1991).

This issue is entitled: "Negationnisme et revisionnisme." Contents: Kaspi, Andre: Introduction: Le genocide des Juifs: Le negationnisme est-il une entreprise transnationale? (3-7); Milza, Pierre: Le negationnisme en France (9-22); Desbuissons, Ghislaine: Maurice Bardeche, un precurseur du "revisionnisme" (23-37); Frank, Robert: Le negationnistes britanniques (39-47); Nicault, Catherine: Antisionisme et negationnisme (49-60); Soutou, Georges-Henri: La "querelle des historiens" allemands: Polemique, histoire et identite nationale (61-81); Werner, Karl Ferdinand: Reflexions d'un historien allemand (83-93). HV

Rembiszewski, Sarah: The Final Lie: Holocaust Denial in Germany: A Second-Generation Denier as a Test Case. Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, Project for the Study of Anti-Semitism, 1996. v, 96 pp.

Traces the history of Holocaust denial in West Germany and in reunified Germany in the 1990s. Revisionist publications always had some circulation in West Germany, but Holocaust denial gained wider popularity in the 1970s, when German-Jewish relations began to normalize. At the same time, Holocaust denial acquired a new motivation , to "cleanse Germany's good name," to discharge Germany of her guilt. Pp. 29-67 deal with the case of Holocaust denier Germar Rudolf (b. 1964, changed his name to Scheerer in 1994), who in 1992 publishe